Word or phrase for fearing arrest/detainment/blame having done nothing wrong

This is the blight of a false conscience generating false guilt.

('Guilt' in the sense of 'feelings of guilt' rather than 'culpability'.)

See Pathwork™ Steps: Real and False Conscience, Real and False Guilt:

However, it is generally ignored that man is governed by two consciences. One is the expression of his higher or real self, the center of his being, aiming at full self‑realization. The other is a superimposed conscience that is, partly, the expression of superimposed rules and regulations, such as the dictates of public opinion, and, partly, an expression of the dictates of his private idealized self image....

The superimposed conscience, in its fear of disapproval and blind obedience to inherited and adopted outward standards, is often senseless and inhuman. Since it is created out of fear, it cannot help but breed more fear. Its principal fear is not knowing what is right or wrong, of not having a guide‑post for right conduct.

The above presents perhaps too idealised a view of man. In Christian theology in general, it is believed that the conscience is given to man as his internal moral compass, but that from the time man first chose to ignore its pointings, it malfunctions. Thus man often finds it hard to distinguish the correct course, and sometimes feels guilt inappropriately (or fails to feel it when appropriate).

Roman Catholics often use the term false conscience:

The judgment of the mind when it wrongly decides that something is lawful but that in fact is unlawful, or vice versa. The error may be due to the false principles used or because the mind was darkened or confused in its reasoning process. [Catholic Culture]

Sounds to me like it's just a specific type of paranoia.

Suspicion and mistrust of people or their actions without evidence or justification

As in, you are paranoid about police and other authority figures.

An extremely mild case of paranoid delusion resulting from anxiety.

It involves the person’s belief that he or she is being conspired against, cheated, spied on, followed, poisoned or drugged, maliciously maligned, harassed, or obstructed in the pursuit of long-term goals.

Maybe the words you're searching for are guilty conscience and you have some sort of paranoia they will detect it.